New protein PCiP from edible golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) activating murine macrophages and splenocytes

A new immunomodulatory protein (PCiP) was purified from an edible golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) by extraction with 5% (v/v) cold acetic acid in the presence of 0.1% (v/v) 2‐mercaptoethanol, followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DE‐52 and MonoQ anion‐exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis assays demonstrated that the molecular mass of PCiP was approximately 15.0 kDa and its pI was around 5.2. PCiP is a simple protein without carbohydrate, and cannot agglutinate mouse red blood cells, suggesting PCiP is not a lectin. In addition, PCiP (5–20 µg mL^?1) alone activated murine splenocytes, and markedly increased their proliferation and gamma‐interferon (IFN‐γ secretion, but suppressed MTT metabolization, while murine splenocytes were simultaneously stimulated by the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA). Furthermore, PCiP (5–20 µg mL^?1) directly activated murine macrophages and increased the production of both the nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α by RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings suggest that PCiP could strengthen both the innate and adaptive responses of its host. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

食用菌液体深层发酵的研究热点

利用液体深层发酵技术生产食用菌的菌丝体和生理活性物质一直是食用菌研究的热点之一。随着科学技术的不断发展,人们对食用菌在液体环境条件下菌丝体生长和产物产出的认识进一步深入,食用菌液体深层发酵的研究出现了许多新的热点。本文就液体发酵条件、液体深层发酵动力学、菌丝形态学等方面对食用菌液体深层发酵研究热点进行了阐述,并对其以后的研究发展趋势作出了展望。     

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom in peat

Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) was cultivated in a peat moss based substrate. Acid-hydrolysed peat and non-hydrolysed peat were used in the preparation of the spawn and in the further stage of growing the mushroom fruiting bodies. For comparison, P. ostreatus was also cultivated on paper. Three harvests of mushrooms were obtained in 45 days. The highest total yield gave 10% conversion of peat substrate into mushroom biomass. The mushrooms had 36% crude protein content and all the essential amino acids were present.     

测汞仪原子吸收光谱法测定野生食用菌中的总汞

目的建立应用测汞仪直接测定野生食用菌中总汞含量的测定方法。方法样品经均质器粉碎,称量后,直接进样。样品在催化管内加热分解,在氧气的作用下,汞在齐化管内与金粉反应被捕集下来,形成金汞齐,再经高温使金汞齐分解成汞原子蒸气经载气带入吸收池,在253.7 nm处进行吸收测定。结果测汞仪检测方法线性范围:0.0~1000 ng/L,检出限为0.005 ng/m L,相关系数(R2)优于0.999,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1.5%,回收率大于99%。结论用此仪器检测的方法无需进行样品前处理、进样量少、方法灵敏度高、精密度好、结果准确可靠、操作简单快速、没有试剂污染、检测速度快和运行成本不高,适用于野生食用菌中总汞的测定。     

Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Its Polyphenoloxidase, and Polyphenolics Affect In Vitro Iron Availability

In vitro iron availability (IA) from egg white meals was 14–17% of total meal iron. When mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was added to egg white meals, IA decreased. The initially low IA from whey protein concentrate meals (<1% of meal iron) was enhanced by mushroom. Sodium benzoate or sodium bisulfite added to egg white/ mushroom meals increased IA. Addition of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and gallic acid to egg white meals decreased IA; however, gallic acid alone increased IA. Blanching mushrooms eliminated PPO activity and increased IA of egg white/mushroom meals, but it was still less than for egg white meals. Sodium bisulfite added to blanched mushroom/egg white meals increased IA above that for egg white meals. Results are consistent with the interpretation that enzymatic browning can decrease IA.     

不同品种食用菌制备热反应肉味基料风味差异分析

为研究食用菌原料品种对食用菌源肉味基料风味的影响,以香菇、杏鲍菇、平菇、双孢蘑菇4种食用菌为原料制备肉味美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction product,MRP),采用高效液相色谱法分析4种食用菌酶解液中游离氨基酸含量,通过描述性感官分析、气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-i...     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定食物中毒样品中的百草枯和敌草快

目的建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测食物中毒事件中常见样品(如食品、血液及尿液等)中百草枯和敌草快的分析方法。方法分别以乙酸乙酯为溶剂提取食品和尿液样品、以乙腈为溶剂提取血液样品中的百草枯和敌草快,提取液氮吹浓缩至近干,加入流动相复溶,再经0.22μm滤膜过滤。采用WATERS ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide色谱柱分离,以乙腈(A)-100 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液(含0.05%甲酸)(B)(60:40,V:V)为流动相等度洗脱,多反应模式监测,外标法定量。结果百草枯和敌草快在2.0~100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9971~0.9999。百草枯和敌草快的检出限(S/N=3)分别为1.0μg/L和0.3μg/L,定量限(S/N=10)分别为3.0μg/L和1.0μg/L。加标水平为2.0、10.0、80.0μg/L时,百草枯和敌草快回收率分别为82.4%~98.4%和90.1%~103.5%,相对标准偏差分别为0.8%~5.1%和1.0%~4.2%。结论本方法建立的分析过程样品前处理简单、快速、准确,适用于食品、血液和尿液中的百草枯和敌草快的同时测定。     

椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种及其毒素的最新研究进展

在我国中北部地区,由椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种引起的食物中毒事件频有发生,中毒食物多为变质的发酵玉米面制品、长时间泡发的木耳和变质的银耳等。然而近年来南方地区相关中毒案例显著增长,广东传统河粉等米面淀粉制品存在被椰毒假单胞菌污染致人中毒死亡的风险,其毒素的致死率高,危害性强,受到全社会的高度关注。本综述总结了椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种及其毒素米酵菌酸在理化、生化、检测技术、污染状况和影响因素的最新研究进展,并对鲜湿米粉中毒事件作出思考,为后续的相关研究提供理论基础。     

Pore-forming toxins of foodborne pathogens

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are water-soluble molecules that have been identified as the most crucial virulence factors during bacterial pathogenesis. PFTs disrupt the host cell membrane to internalize or to deliver other bacterial or virulence factors for establishing infections. Disruption of the host cell membrane by PFTs can lead to uncontrollable exchanges between the extracellular and the intracellular matrix, thereby disturbing the cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular mechanism of PFTs during pathogenesis. Evidence also suggests the activation of several signal transduction pathways in the host cell on recognition of PFTs. Additionally, numerous distinctive host defense mechanisms as well as membrane repair mechanisms have been reported; however, studies reveal that PFTs aid in host immune evasion of the bacteria through numerous pathways. PFTs have been primarily associated with foodborne pathogens. Infection and death from diseases by consuming contaminated food are a constant threat to public health worldwide, affecting socioeconomic development. Moreover, the emergence of new foodborne pathogens has led to the rise of bacterial antimicrobial resistance affecting the population. Hence, this review focuses on the role of PFTs secreted by foodborne pathogens. The review highlights the molecular mechanism of foodborne bacterial PFTs, assisting bacterial survival from the host immune responses and understanding the downstream mechanism in the activation of various signaling pathways in the host upon PFT recognition. PFT research is a remarkable and an important field for exploring novel and broad applications of antimicrobial compounds as therapeutics.     

饮用水系统黄铜零件表面脱铅的研究

研究试制了一种用于黄铜管道,水龙头和管接头等饮用水系统用零件的表面脱铅的脱铅试剂,利用Ｘ射线能谱测定了经表面化学处理后的黄铜零件表面的含铅量,并用吸收光谱分析了脱铅处理后脱铅溶液中的Ｐｂ／Ｃｕ和Ｐｂ／Ｚｎ的量。